Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (French pronunciation: [ʒyl emil fʁedeʁik masnɛ];[n 1] 12 May 1842 – 13 August 1912) was a French composer of the Romantic era best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty. The two most frequently staged are Manon (1884) and Werther (1892). He also composed oratorios, ballets, orchestral works, incidental music, piano pieces, songs and other music.
While still a schoolboy, Massenet was admitted to Frances principal music college, the Paris Conservatoire. There he studied under Ambroise Thomas, whom he greatly admired. After winning the countrys top musical prize, the Prix de Rome, in 1863, he composed prolifically in many genres, but quickly became best known for his operas. Between 1867 and his death forty-five years later he wrote more than forty stage works in a wide variety of styles, from opéra-comique to grand-scale depictions of classical myths, romantic comedies, lyric dramas, as well as oratorios, cantatas and ballets. Massenet had a good sense of the theatre and of what would succeed with the Parisian public. Despite some miscalculations, he produced a series of successes that made him the leading composer of opera in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Like many prominent French composers of the period, Massenet became a professor at the Conservatoire. He taught composition there from 1878 until 1896, when he resigned after the death of the director, Ambroise Thomas. Among his students were Gustave Charpentier, Ernest Chausson, Reynaldo Hahn and Gabriel Pierné.
By the time of his death, Massenet was regarded by many critics as old-fashioned and unadventurous although his two best-known operas remained popular in France and abroad. After a few decades of neglect, his works began to be favourably reassessed during the mid-20th century, and many of them have since been staged and recorded. Although critics do not rank him among the handful of outstanding operatic geniuses such as Mozart, Verdi and Wagner, his operas are now widely accepted as well-crafted and intelligent products of the Belle Époque.
Contents
1Biography
1.1Early years
1.2Early works
1.3Operatic successes and failures, 1879–96
1.4Later years, 1896–1912
2Music
2.1Background
2.2Operas
2.3Other vocal music
2.4Orchestral and chamber music
2.5Recordings
3Reputation
4Notes, references and sources
4.1Notes
4.2References
4.3Sources
5Further reading
6External links
Biography
Early years
exterior of large house in rural 19th century France
Massenets birthplace in Montaud, photographed c. 1908
Massenet was born on 12 May 1842 at Montaud, then an outlying hamlet and now a part of the city of Saint-Étienne, in the Loire.[6] He was the youngest of the four children of Alexis Massenet (1788–1863) and his second wife Eléonore-Adelaïde née Royer de Marancour (1809–1875); the elder children were Julie, Léon and Edmond.[n 2] Massenet senior was a prosperous ironmonger; his wife was a talented amateur musician who gave Jules his first piano lessons. By early 1848 the family had moved to Paris, where they settled in a flat in Saint-Germain-des-Prés.[8] Massenet was educated at the Lycée Saint-Louis and, from either 1851 or 1853, the Paris Conservatoire. According to his colourful but unreliable memoirs,[9] Massenet auditioned in October 1851, when he was nine, before a judging panel comprising Daniel Auber, Fromental Halévy, Ambroise Thomas and Michele Carafa, and was admitted at once.[10] His biographer Demar Irvine dates the audition and admission as January 1853.[11] Both sources agree that Massenet continued his general education at the lycée in tandem with his musical studies.[12]
head and shoulder drawing of young man, clean shaven with a bouffant mane of hair
Massenet in the early 1860s
At the Conservatoire Massenet studied solfège with Augustin Savard and the piano with François Laurent.[13] He pursued his studies, with modest distinction, until the beginning of 1855, when family concerns disrupted his education. Alexis Massenets health was poor, and on medical advice he moved from Paris to Chambéry in the south of France; the family, including Massenet, moved with him. Again, Massenets own memoirs and the researches of his biographers are at variance: the composer recalled his exile in Chambéry as lasting for two years; Henry Finck and Irvine record that the young man returned to Paris and the Conservatoire in October 1855.[14] On his return he lodged with relations in Montmartre and resumed his studies; by 1859 he had progressed so far as to win the Conservatoires top prize for pianists.[15] The familys finances were no longer comfortable, and to support himself Massenet took private piano students and played as a percussionist in theatre orchestras.[16] His work in the orchestra pit gave him a good working knowledge of the operas of Gounod and other composers, classic and contemporary.[17] Traditionally, many students at the Conservatoire went on to substantial careers as church organists; with that in mind Massenet enrolled for organ classes, but they were not a success and he quickly abandoned the instrument. He gained some work as a piano accompanist, in the course of which he met Wagner who, along with Berlioz, was one of his two musical heroes.[n 3]
In 1861 Massenets music was published for the first time, the Grande Fantasie de Concert sur le Pardon de Ploërmel de Meyerbeer , a virtuoso piano work in nine sections.[19] Having graduated to the composition class under Ambroise Thomas, Massenet was entered for the Conservatoires top musical honour, the Prix de Rome, previous winners of which included Berlioz, Thomas, Gounod and Bizet. The first two of these were on the judging panel for the 1863 competition.[n 4] All the competitors had to set the same text by Gustave Chouquet, a cantata about David Rizzio; after all the settings had been performed Massenet came face to face with the judges. He recalled:
Ambroise Thomas, my beloved master, came towards me and said, "Embrace Berlioz, you owe him a great deal for your prize." "The prize," I cried, bewildered, my face shining with joy. "I have the prize!!!" I was deeply moved and I embraced Berlioz, then my master, and finally Monsieur Auber. Monsieur Auber comforted me. Did I need comforting? Then he said to Berlioz pointing to me, "Hell go far, the young rascal, when hes had less experience!"[21][n 5]
The prize brought a well-subsidised three-year period of study, two-thirds of which was spent at the French Academy in Rome, based at the Villa Medici. At that time the academy was dominated by painters rather than musicians; Massenet enjoyed his time there, and made lifelong friendships with, among others, the sculptor Alexandre Falguière and the painter Carolus-Duran, but the musical benefit he derived was largely self-taught.[24] He absorbed the music at St Peters, and closely studied the works of the great German masters, from Handel and Bach to contemporary composers.[24] During his time in Rome, Massenet met Franz Liszt, at whose request he gave piano lessons to Louise-Constance "Ninon" de Gressy, the daughter of one of Liszts rich patrons. Massenet and Ninon fell in love, but marriage was out of the question while he was a student with modest means.[25]
Early works
interior of 19th century theatre
Auditorium of the Opéra-Comique
Massenet returned to Paris in 1866. He made a living by teaching the piano and publishing songs, piano pieces and orchestral suites, all in the popular style of the day.[17] Prix de Rome winners were sometimes invited by the Opéra-Comique in Paris to compose a work for performance there. At Thomass instigation, Massenet was commissioned to write a one-act opéra comique, La grandtante, presented in April 1867.[26] At around the same time he composed a Requiem, which has not survived.[27] In 1868 he met Georges Hartmann, who became his publisher and was his mentor for twenty-five years; Hartmanns journalistic contacts did much to promote his protégés reputation.[17][n 6]
In October 1866 Massenet and Ninon were married; their only child, Juliette, was born in 1868. Massenets musical career was briefly interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, during which he served as a volunteer in the National Guard alongside his friend Bizet.[17] He found the war so "utterly terrible" that he refused to write about it in his memoirs.[29] He and his family were trapped in the siege of Paris but managed to get out before the Paris Commune began; the family stayed for some months in Bayonne, in southwestern France.[30]
Poster for the première of Don César de Bazan by Célestin Nanteuil
After order was restored, Massenet returned to Paris where he completed his first large-scale stage work, an opéra comique in four acts, Don César de Bazan (Paris, 1872). It was a failure, but in 1873 he succeeded with his incidental music to Leconte de Lisles tragedy Les Érinnyes and with the dramatic oratorio, Marie-Magdeleine, both of which were performed at the Théâtre de lOdéon.[27] His reputation as a composer was growing, but at this stage he earned most of his income from teaching, giving lessons for six hours a day.[31]
Scenery for exotic indoor Asian setting
Design by Philippe Chaperon for Le roi de Lahore, 1877
Massenet was a prolific composer; he put this down to his way of working, rising early and composing from four oclock in the morning until midday, a practice he maintained all his life.[31] In general he worked fluently, seldom revising, although Le roi de Lahore, his nearest approach to a traditional grand opera, took him several years to complete to his own satisfaction.[17] It was finished in 1877 and was one of the first new works to be staged at the Palais Garnier, opened two years previously.[32] The opera, with a story taken from the Mahabharata, was a success and was quickly taken up by the opera houses of eight Italian cities. It was also performed at the Hungarian State Opera House, the Bavarian State Opera, the Semperoper in Dresden, the Teatro Real in Madrid, and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London.[33] After the first Covent Garden performance, The Times summed the piece up in a way that was frequently to be applied to the composers operas: "M. Massenets opera, although not a work of genius proper, is one of more than common merit, and contains all the elements of at least temporary success."[34]
This period was an early high point in Massenets career. He had been made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1876, and in 1878 he was appointed professor of counterpoint, fugue and composition at the Conservatoire under Thomas, who was now the director.[27][n 7] In the same year he was elected to the Institut de France, a prestigious honour, rare for a man in his thirties. Camille Saint-Saëns, whom Massenet beat in the election for the vacancy, was resentful at being passed over for a younger composer. When the result of the election was announced, Massenet sent Saint-Saëns a courteous telegram: "My dear colleague: the Institut has just committed a great injustice". Saint-Saëns cabled back, "I quite agree." He was elected three years later, but his relations with Massenet remained cool.[9][37]
Massenet was a popular and respected teacher at the Conservatoire. His pupils included Bruneau, Charpentier, Chausson, Hahn, Leroux, Pierné, Rabaud and Vidal.[27] He was known for the care he took in drawing out his pupils ideas, never trying to impose his own.[9][n 8] One of his last students, Charles Koechlin, recalled Massenet as a voluble professor, dispensing "a teaching active, living, vibrant, and moreover comprehensive".[38] According to some writers, Massenets influence extended beyond his own students. In the view of the critic Rodney Milnes, "In word-setting alone, all French musicians profited from the freedom he won from earlier restrictions."[9] Romain Rolland and Francis Poulenc have both considered Massenet an influence on Debussys Pelléas et Mélisande;[9] Debussy was a student at the Conservatoire during Massenets professorship but did not study under him.[n 9]
Operatic successes and failures, 1879–96
Massenets growing reputation did not prevent a contretemps with the Paris Opéra in 1879. Auguste Vaucorbeil, director of the Opéra, refused to stage the composers new piece, Hérodiade, judging the libretto either improper or inadequate.[n 10] Édouard-Fortuné Calabresi, joint director of the Théâtre de la Monnaie, Brussels, immediately offered to present the work, and its première, lavishly staged, was given in December 1881. It ran for fifty-five performances in Brussels, and had its Italian premiere two months later at La Scala. The work finally reached Paris in February 1884, by which time Massenet had established himself as the leading French opera composer of his generation.[41]
Caricature of middle-aged male pianist and young female singer
"M. Massenets bland pâtisserie and Mlle. Sandersons sugar-candy notes" baked in "the National Musical Oven". Caricature from La Silhouette, March 1894.
Manon, first given at the Opéra-Comique in January 1884, was a prodigious success and was followed by productions at major opera houses in Europe and the United States. Together with Gounods Faust and Bizets Carmen it became, and has remained, one of the cornerstones of the French operatic repertoire.[42] After the intimate drama of Manon, Massenet once more turned to opera on the grand scale with Le Cid in 1885, which marked his return to the Opéra. The Paris correspondent of The New York Times wrote that with this new work Massenet "has resolutely declared himself a melodist of undoubted consistency and of remarkable inspiration."[43] After these two triumphs, Massenet entered a period of mixed fortunes. He worked on Werther intermittently for several years, but it was rejected by the Opéra-Comique as too gloomy.[44][n 11] In 1887 he met the American soprano Sibyl Sanderson. He developed passionate feelings for her, which remained platonic, although it was widely believed in Paris that she was his mistress, as caricatures in the journals hinted with varying degrees of subtlety.[46] For her, the composer revised Manon and wrote Esclarmonde (1889). The latter was a success, but it was followed by Le mage (1891), which failed. Massenet did not complete his next project, Amadis, and it was not until 1892 that he recovered his earlier successful form. Werther received its first performance in February 1892, when the Vienna Hofoper asked for a new piece, following the enthusiastic reception of the Austrian premiere of Manon.[9]
Poster for the first French production of Werther.
Though in the view of some writers Werther is the composers masterpiece,[42][47] it was not immediately taken up with the same keenness as Manon. The first performance in Paris was in January 1893 by the Opéra-Comique company at the Théâtre Lyrique, and there were performances in the United States, Italy and Britain, but it met with a muted response. The New York Times said of it, "If M. Massenets opera does not have lasting success it will be because it has no genuine depth. Perhaps M. Massenet is not capable of achieving profound depths of tragic passion; but certainly he will never do so in a work like Werther".[48] It was not until a revival by the Opéra-Comique in 1903 that the work became an established favourite.[44]
Thaïs (1894), composed for Sanderson, was moderately received.[49] Like Werther, it did not gain widespread popularity among French opera-goers until its first revival, which was four years after the premiere, by when the composers association with Sanderson was over.[9] In the same year he had a modest success in Paris with the one-act Le portrait de Manon at the Opéra-Comique, and a much greater one in London with La Navarraise at Covent Garden.[50] The Times commented that in this piece Massenet had adopted the verismo style of such works as Mascagnis Cavalleria rusticana to great effect. The audience clamoured for the composer to acknowledge the applause, but Massenet, always a shy man, declined to take even a single curtain call.[51]
Later years, 1896–1912
The death of Ambroise Thomas in February 1896 made vacant the post of director of the Conservatoire. The French government announced on 6 May that Massenet had been offered the position and had refused it.[52] The following day it was announced that another faculty member, Théodore Dubois, had been appointed director, and Massenet had resigned as professor of composition.[53] Two explanations have been advanced for this sequence of events. Massenet wrote in 1910 that he had remained in post as professor out of loyalty to Thomas, and was eager to abandon all academic work in favour of composing, a statement repeated by his biographers Hugh Macdonald and Demar Irvine.[17][54] Other writers on French music have written that Massenet was intensely ambitious to succeed Thomas, but resigned in pique after three months of manoeuvring, once the authorities finally rejected his insistence on being appointed director for life, as Thomas had been.[55] He was succeeded as professor by Gabriel Fauré, who was doubtful of Massenets credentials, considering his popular style to be "based on a generally cynical view of art".[56]
Slender woman dressed as a young man in 18th century costume
Mary Garden in the title role of Chérubin, 1905
With Grisélidis and Cendrillon complete, though still awaiting performance, Massenet began work on Sapho, based on a novel by Daudet about the love of an innocent young man from the country for a worldly-wise Parisienne.[57] It was given at the Opéra-Comique in November 1897, with great success, though it has been neglected since the composers death.[58] His next work staged there was Cendrillon, his version of the Cinderella story, which was well received in May 1899.[59]
Macdonald comments that at the start of the 20th century Massenet was in the enviable position of having his works included in every season of the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique, and in opera houses around the world.[17] From 1900 to his death he led a life of steady work and, generally, success. According to his memoirs, he declined a second offer of the directorship of the Conservatoire in 1905.[60][n 12] Apart from composition, his main concern was his home life in the rue de Vaugirard, Paris, and at his country house in Égreville. He was uninterested in Parisian society, and so shunned the limelight that in later life he preferred not to attend his own first nights.[63] He described himself as "a fireside man, a bourgeois artist".[64] The main biographical detail of note of his latter years was his second amitié amoureuse with one of his leading ladies, Lucy Arbell, who created roles in his last operas.[n 13] Milnes describes Arbell as "gold-digging": her blatant exploitation of the composers honourable affections caused his wife considerable distress and even strained Massenets devotion (or infatuation as Milnes characterises it).[9] After the composers death Arbell pursued his widow and publishers through the law courts, seeking to secure herself a monopoly of the leading roles in several of his late operas.[9]
A rare excursion from the opera house came in 1903 with Massenets only piano concerto, on which he had begun work while still a student. The work was performed by Louis Diémer at the Conservatoire, but made little impression compared with his operas.[66] In 1905 Massenet composed Chérubin, a light comedy about the later career of the sex-mad pageboy Cherubino from Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro.[67] Then came two serious operas, Ariane, on the Greek legend of Theseus and Ariadne, and Thérèse, a terse drama set in the French Revolution.[68] His last major success was Don Quichotte (1910), which LEtoile called "a very Parisian evening and, naturally, a very Parisian triumph".[n 14] Even with his creative powers seemingly in decline he wrote four other operas in his later years – Bacchus, Roma, Panurge and Cléopâtre. The last two, like Amadis, which he had been unable to finish in the 1890s, were premiered after the composers death and then lapsed into oblivion.[17]
In August 1912 Massenet went to Paris from his house at Égreville to see his doctor. The composer had been suffering from abdominal cancer for some months, but his symptoms did not seem imminently life-threatening. Within a few days his condition deteriorated sharply. His wife and family hastened to Paris, and were with him when he died, aged seventy. By his own wish his funeral, with no music, was held privately at Égreville, where he is buried in the churchyard.[70][71]
Music
See also: List of compositions by Jules Massenet
Background
"On lappelle Manon"
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From Manon, performed by Enrico Caruso and Geraldine Farrar in 1912
"Pleurez, pleurez, mes yeux"
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From Le Cid, performed by Marguerita Sylva in 1910
"Vision fugitive"
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From Hérodiade, performed by Charles W. Clark in 1914
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In the view of his biographer Hugh Macdonald, Massenets main influences were Gounod and Thomas, with Meyerbeer and Berlioz also important to his style.[17] From beyond France he absorbed some traits from Verdi, and possibly Mascagni, and above all Wagner. Unlike some other French composers of the period, Massenet never fell fully under Wagners spell, but he took from the earlier composer a richness of orchestration and a fluency in treatment of musical themes.[9]
Although when he chose, Massenet could write noisy and dissonant scenes – in 1885 Bernard Shaw called him "one of the loudest of modern composers"[72] – much of his music is soft and delicate. Hostile critics have seized on this characteristic,[27] but the article on Massenet in the 2001 edition of Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians observes that in the best of his operas this sensual side "is balanced by strong dramatic tension (as in Werther), theatrical action (as in Thérèse), scenic diversion (as in Esclarmonde), or humour (as in Le portrait de Manon)."[17]
Massenets Parisian audiences were greatly attracted by the exotic in music, and Massenet willingly obliged, with musical evocations of far-flung places or times long past. Macdonald lists a great number of locales depicted in the operas, from ancient Egypt, mythical Greece and biblical Galilee to Renaissance Spain, India and Revolutionary Paris. Massenets practical experience in orchestra pits as a young man and his careful training at the Conservatoire equipped him to make such effects without much recourse to unusual instruments. He understood the capabilities of his singers, and composed with close, detailed regard for their voices.[9][17]
Operas
See also: List of operas by Jules Massenet
theatre poster listing names of author, composer and star
Poster by Jean de Paleologu for Sapho, 1897
theatre poster depicting Cervantess Don Quixote
Poster by Georges Rochegrosse for Don Quichotte, 1910
Massenet wrote more than thirty operas. Authorities differ on the exact total because some of the works, particularly from his early years, are lost and others were left incomplete. Still others, such as Don César de Bazan and Le roi de Lahore, were substantially recomposed after their first productions and exist in two or more versions. Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians lists forty Massenet operas in all, of which nine are shown as lost or destroyed.[17] The "OperaGlass" website of Stanford University shows revised versions as premieres, and The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, does not: their totals are forty-four and thirty-six respectively.[9][73]
Having honed his personal style as a young man, and sticking broadly with it for the rest of his career, Massenet does not, as some other composers do, lend himself to classification into clearly defined early, middle and late periods. Moreover, his versatility means that there is no plot or locale that can be regarded as typical Massenet. Another respect in which he differed from many opera composers is that he did not work regularly with the same librettists: Grove lists more than thirty writers who provided him with librettos.[17]
The 1954 (fifth) edition of Grove said of Massenet, "to have heard Manon is to have heard the whole of him".[74] In 1994 Andrew Porter called this view preposterous. He countered, "Who knows Manon, Werther and Don Quichotte knows the best of Massenet, but not his range from heroic romance to steamy verismo."[75] Massenets output covered most of the different subgenres of opera, from opérette (Ladorable Bel-Boul and Lécureuil du déshonneur – both early pieces, the latter lost) and opéra-comique such as Manon, to grand opera – Grove categorises Le roi de Lahore as "the last grand opera to have a great and widespread success". Many of the elements of traditional grand opera are written into later large-scale works such as Le mage and Hérodiade.[17] Massenets operas consist of anything from one to five acts, and although many of them are described on the title pages of their scores as "opéra" or "opéra comique", others have carefully nuanced descriptions such as "comédie chantée", "comédie lyrique", "comédie-héroïque", "conte de fées", "drame passionnel", "haulte farce musicale", "opéra légendaire", "opéra romanesque" and "opéra tragique".[76]
Méditation from Thaïs
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Performed by Bomsori Kim and Pallavi Mahidhara
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In some of his operas, such as Esclarmonde and Le mage, Massenet moved away from the traditional French pattern of free-standing arias and duets. Solos meld from declamatory passages into more melodic form, in a way that many contemporary critics thought Wagnerian. Shaw was not among them: in 1885 he wrote of Manon:
Of Wagnerism there is not the faintest suggestion. A phrase which occurs in the first love duet breaks out once or twice in subsequent amorous episodes, and has been seized on by a few unwary critics as a Wagnerian leit motif. But if Wagner had never existed, Manon would have been composed much as it stands now, whereas if Meyerbeer and Gounod had not made a path for M. Massenet, it is impossible to say whither he might have wandered, or how far he could have pushed his way.[77]
The 21st-century critic Anne Feeney comments, "Massenet rarely repeated musical phrases, let alone used recurrent themes, so the resemblance [to Wagner] lies solely in the declamatory lyricism and enthusiastic use of the brass and percussion."[78] Massenet enjoyed introducing comedy into his serious works, and writing some mainly comic operas. In Macdonalds view of the comic works, Cendrillon and Don Quichotte succeed, but Don César de Bazan and Panurge are less satisfying than "the more delicately tuned operas such as Manon, Le portrait de Manon and Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, where comedy serves a more complex purpose."[17]
According to Operabase, analysis of productions around the world in 2012–13 shows Massenet as the twentieth most popular of all opera composers, and the fourth most popular French one, after Bizet, Offenbach and Gounod.[79] The most often performed of his operas in the period are shown as Werther (63 productions in all countries), followed by Manon (47), Don Quichotte (22), Thaïs (21), Cendrillon (17), La Navarraise (4), Cléopâtre (3), Thérèse (2), Le Cid (2), Hérodiade (2), Esclarmonde (2), Chérubin (2) and Le mage (1).[80]
Other vocal music
"Notre Père"
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Performed by lAtelier Vocal des Herbiers
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Between 1862 and 1900 Massenet composed eight oratorios and cantatas, mostly on religious subjects.[81] There is a degree of overlap between his operatic style and his choral works for church or concert hall performance.[82] Vincent dIndy wrote that there was "a discreet and semi-religious eroticism" in Massenets music.[n 15] The religious element was a regular theme in his secular as well as sacred works: this derived not from any strong personal faith, but from his response to the dramatic aspects of Roman Catholic ritual.[42] The mingling of operatic and religious elements in his works was such that one of his oratorios, Marie-Magdeleine, was staged as an opera during the composers lifetime.[73] Elements of the erotic and some implicit sympathy for sinners were controversial, and may have prevented his church works establishing themselves more securely.[17] Arthur Hervey, a contemporary critic not unsympathetic to Massenet, commented that Marie-Magdeleine and the later oratorio Ève (1875) were "the Bible doctored up in a manner suitable to the taste of impressionable Parisian ladies – utterly inadequate for the theme, at the same time very charming and effective."[84] Of the four works categorised by Irvine and Grove as oratorios, only one, La terre promise (1900), was written for church performance. Massenet used the term "oratorio" for that work, but he called Marie-Magdeleine a "drame sacré", Ève a "mystère", and La Vierge (1880) a "légende sacrée".[85]
Massenet composed many other smaller-scale choral works, and more than two hundred songs. His early collections of songs were particularly popular and helped establish his reputation. His choice of lyrics ranged widely. Most were verses by poets such as Musset, Maupassant, Hugo, Gautier and many lesser-known French writers, with occasional poems from overseas, including Tennyson in English and Shelley in French translation.[86] Grove comments that Massenets songs, though pleasing and impeccable in craftsmanship, are less inventive than those of Bizet and less distinctive than those of Duparc and Fauré.[17]
Orchestral and chamber music
Massenet was a fluent and skilful orchestrator, and willingly provided ballet episodes for his operas, incidental music for plays, and a one-act stand-alone ballet for Vienna (Le carillon, 1892). Macdonald remarks that Massenets orchestral style resembled that of Delibes, "with its graceful movement and bewitching colour", which was highly suited to classical French ballet.[17] The Méditation for solo violin and orchestra, from Thaïs, is possibly the best known non-vocal piece by Massenet, and appears on many recordings.[87] Another popular stand-alone orchestral piece from the operas is Le dernier sommeil de la Vierge from La Vierge, which has featured on numerous discs since the middle of the 20th century.[88]
A Parisian critic, after seeing La grand tante, declared that Massenet was a symphonist rather than a theatre composer.[17] At the time of the British premiere of Manon in 1885, the critic in The Manchester Guardian, reviewing the work enthusiastically, nevertheless echoed his French confrères view that the composer was really a symphonist, whose music was at its best when purely orchestral.[89] Massenet took a wholly opposite view of his talents. He was temperamentally unsuited to writing symphonically: the constraints of sonata form bored him. He wrote, in the early 1870s, "What I have to say, musically, I have to say rapidly, forcefully, concisely; my discourse is tight and nervous, and if I wanted to express myself otherwise I would not be myself."[90] His efforts in the concertante field made little mark, but his orchestral suites, colourful and picturesque according to Grove, have survived on the fringes of the repertoire.[17] Other works for orchestra are a symphonic poem, Visions (1891), an Ouverture de Concert (1863) and Ouverture de Phèdre (1873). After early attempts at chamber music as a student, he wrote little more in the genre. Most of his early chamber pieces are now lost; three pieces for cello and piano survive.[91]
Recordings
portraits of two men and two women
Among Massenets interpreters, clockwise from top left: Pierre Monteux, Renée Fleming, Roberto Alagna and Victoria de los Ángeles
The only known recording made by Massenet is an excerpt from Sapho, "Pendant un an je fus ta femme", in which he plays a piano accompaniment for the soprano Georgette Leblanc. It was recorded in 1903, and was not intended for publication. It has been released on compact disc (2008), together with contemporary recordings by Grieg, Saint-Saëns, Debussy and others.[92]
In Massenets later years, and in the decade after his death, many of his songs and opera extracts were recorded. Some of the performers were the original creators of the roles, such as Ernest van Dyck (Werther),[93] Emma Calvé (Sapho),[94] Hector Dufranne (Grisélidis),[95] and Vanni Marcoux (Panurge).[96] Complete French recordings of Manon and Werther, conducted by Élie Cohen, were issued in 1932 and 1933 and have been republished on CD.[97] The critic Alan Blyth comments that they embody the original, intimate Opéra-Comique style of performing Massenet.[97]
Of Massenets operas, the two best known, Manon and Werther, have been recorded many times, and studio or live recordings have been issued of many of the others, including Cendrillon, Le Cid, Don Quichotte, Esclarmonde, Hérodiade, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, Le mage, La Navarraise and Thaïs. Conductors on these discs include Sir Thomas Beecham, Richard Bonynge, Riccardo Chailly, Sir Colin Davis, Patrick Fournillier, Sir Charles Mackerras, Pierre Monteux, Sir Antonio Pappano and Michel Plasson. Among the sopranos and mezzos are Dame Janet Baker, Victoria de los Ángeles, Natalie Dessay, Renée Fleming, Angela Gheorghiu and Dame Joan Sutherland. Leading men in recordings of Massenet operas include Roberto Alagna, Gabriel Bacquier, Plácido Domingo, Thomas Hampson, Jonas Kaufmann, José van Dam, Alain Vanzo and Rolando Villazón.[98]
In addition to the operas, recordings have been issued of several orchestral works, including the ballet Le carillon, the piano concerto in E♭, the Fantaisie for cello and orchestra, and orchestral suites.[98] Many individual mélodies by Massenet were included in mixed recitals on record during the 20th century, and more have been committed to disc since then, including, for the first time, a CD in 2012, exclusively devoted to his songs for soprano and piano.[99]
Reputation
image of the same man shown in the image at the top of the page, clearly several decades later
Massenet in his later years
By the time of the composers death in 1912 his reputation had declined, especially outside his native country. In the second edition (1907) of Grove, J A Fuller Maitland accused the composer of pandering to the fashionable Parisian taste of the moment, and disguising a uniformly "weak and sugary" style with superficial effects. Fuller Maitland contended that to discerning music lovers such as himself the operas of Massenet were "inexpressibly monotonous", and he predicted that they would all be forgotten after the composers death.[100][n 16] Similar views were expressed in an obituary in The Musical Times:
His early scores are, for the greater part, his best ... Later, and for the plain reason that he never attempted to renovate his style, he sank into sheer mannerism. Indeed, one can but marvel that so gifted a musician, who lacked neither individuality nor skill, should have so utterly succeeded in throwing away his gifts. Success spoiled him ... the actual progress of musical art during the past forty years left Massenet unmoved ... he has taken no part in the evolution of modern music.[27]
Massenet was never entirely without supporters. In the 1930s Sir Thomas Beecham told the critic Neville Cardus, "I would give the whole of Bachs Brandenburg Concertos for Massenets Manon, and would think I had vastly profited by the exchange."[102] By the 1950s critics were reappraising Massenets works. In 1951 Martin Cooper of The Daily Telegraph wrote that Massenets detractors, including some fellow composers, were on the whole idealistic, even puritanical, "but few of them have in practice achieved anything so near perfection in any genre, however humble, as Massenet achieved in his best works."[103] In 1955 Edward Sackville-West and Desmond Shawe-Taylor commented in The Record Guide that, although usually dismissed as an inferior Gounod, Massenet wrote music with a distinct flavour of its own. "He had a gift for melody of a suave, voluptuous and eminently singable kind, and the intelligence and dramatic sense to make the most of it." The writers called for revivals of Grisélidis, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, Don Quichotte and Cendrillon, all then neglected.[45] By the 1990s, Massenets reputation had been considerably rehabilitated. In The Penguin Opera Guide (1993), Hugh Macdonald wrote that though Massenets operas never equalled the grandeur of Berliozs Les Troyens, the genius of Bizets Carmen or the profundity of Debussys Pelléas et Mélisande, from the 1860s until the years before the First World War, the composer gave the French lyric stage a remarkable series of works, two of which – Manon and Werther – are "masterpieces that will always grace the repertoire". In Macdonalds view, Massenet "embodies many enduring aspects of the belle époque, one of the richest cultural periods in history".[42] In France, Massenets 20th-century eclipse was less complete than elsewhere, but his oeuvre has been revalued in recent years. In 2003 Piotr Kaminsky wrote in Mille et un opéras of Massenets skill in translating French text into flexible melodic phrases, his exceptional orchestral virtuosity, combining sparkle and clarity, and his unerring theatrical instinct.[104] Begun by Jean-Louis Pichon in November 1990, the Massenet Festival in Massenets native Saint-Étienne have produced biennial performances to promote and celebrate his music.[17][105]
Rodney Milnes, in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (1992), agrees that Manon and Werther have a secure place in the international repertoire; he counts three others as "re-establishing a toehold" (Cendrillon, Thaïs and Don Quichotte), with many more due for re-evaluation or rediscovery. He concludes that comparing Massenet with the handful of composers of great genius, "It would be absurd to claim that he was anything more than a second-rate composer; he nevertheless deserves to be seen, like Richard Strauss, at least as a first-class second-rate one."[9]
Born in 1842 (at La Terrasse, near Saint-Étienne) from his fathers second marriage, Jules Massenet is the last of twelve children. He will benefit from a genetic heritage from Eastern Europe: an Alsatian father with Austrian ancestry, a mother with Prussian blood, both very rigorous and demanding. His family moved to Paris in 1848, when he was six years old and his mother gave him his first piano lessons.
His father, Alexis Massenet, master of forges, introduced in France a technique to refine the sharpening of scythes. His mother, Adélaïde, an excellent pianist and talented painter, was her sons only piano teacher until he entered the Paris Conservatory in 1853. It was also her who gave him as a rule of life this relentlessness to work which it will bend its entire existence. Until his death, Jules Massenet got up before dawn to devote himself to composition.
The material life of the family is uncertain. His mother gives piano lessons. For four years, he worked as a timpanist at the Lyric Theater. There he familiarized himself with the repertoire.
After a 1st Prize in piano in 1859, he won the 1st Grand Prix de Rome in 1863 and spent two years at the Villa Medici. During this stay, through Franz Liszt, he met the one who would become his wife, Louise-Constance de Gressy, whom he married in 1866; from this union, will be born an only daughter, Juliette, born in 1868.
Adelaide Massenet
Adelaide Massenet
Juliette Massenet
Juliette Massenet
Werther
Werther
Griselidis
Griselidis
Marie-Magdeleine
Marie-Magdeleine
dash 1
His professional background
Back in Paris in 1866, he provided for himself by giving piano lessons and thought to publish piano pieces.
The meeting with Georges Hartmann who will be his editor and his mentor, as well as a commission from the Opéra Comique, are decisive for his career. In 1867, he created his first lyric work, La Grand Tante.
He quickly gained notoriety, and was one of the young noted composers of Paris. His compositions are published. He enlisted in the National Guard during the Paris Commune.
After the war of 1870 and two comic operas, success awaits him with his first oratorio, Marie-Magdeleine (1873). Then another oratorio, Eve (1875); his first major opera, The King of Lahore, given in Paris in 1877 brought him consecration.
He participated in the founding of the National Music Society. In 1876, he received the Legion of Honor at the age of 36 (he was commander in 1899).
Massenet was elected to the Académie des Beaux-Arts and was appointed professor of composition in 1878, replacing Ambroise Thomas who became its director. Jules Massenet will have as pupils, eighteen Grands Prix de Rome, without forgetting the young composers to whom he lavished his advice, - M. Ravel and G. Enesco were among the number. In their memories, they will describe him as a man of great culture. “He talked about everything, literature, history and painting. Everything was good for him to illustrate what he wanted us to understand and his eloquence equaled his sensitivity. I will never forget the hours spent with him at the Louvre Museum… ”(Reynaldo Hahn). His teaching was done with tact, taking great care to give the student self-confidence.
He moved to a castle in Égreville in 1899, south of Fontainebleau. There he completed his work of sacred music, La Terre Promise .
He died of cancer at the age of seventy in 1912. He was buried in Égreville.
Thai
Thai
Sapho
Sapho
Don Quixote
Don Quixote
Georges bizet
Georges bizet
Tchaikovsky
Piotr Tchaikovsky
Puccini
Giacomo Puccini
Saint Saens
Camille Saint-Saëns
dash 1
His professional and friendly relations
He maintains the best terms with his publishers and in the musical world, Georges Bizet, dedicatee of the Hungarian Scenes, (for his funeral, Massenet will compose a Lamento ), Camille Saint-Saëns; foreign composers, J. Brahms G. Puccini, E. Humperdinck, PI Tchaïkoswky and others ... He will remain faithful to his elders, Hector Berlioz, Charles Gounod in particular, and his masters: filial trust in his master, Ambroise Thomas , until the latters death.
He will maintain a permanent friendship with many artists:
With the painters, William Bouguereau, Félicien Rops, Puvis de Chavanne, the portrait painter Georges Clairin, unparalleled humorist who will become the teacher of the composers daughter, Juliette; Lévy-Dhurmer, the engraver Jules-Clément Chaplain whom he knew in Rome, author of the famous drawing representing Massenet in the Roman countryside. Their friendship will last until the death of Chaplain in 1909.
There are also sculptors: Alexandre Falguière, Henri Chapu, Fix-Masseau, Ringel dIllsach, architects: Viollet-Le-Duc and especially Charles Garnier to whom we owe the operas in Paris and Monte-Carlo.
Among his friends, we also find writers, Anatole France, the author of Thaïs , Victor Hugo, some of whose poems are found among his melodies (Massenet was long tempted to write an opera based on Notre-Dame de Paris); Juliette Massenet will befriend the grandchildren of Hugo, Georges and Jeanne.
Above all, lets not forget the closest of them, Alphonse Daudet, the author of Lettres de mon moulin , where Massenet meets the very young Marie Delna (18 years old), creator of the role of Charlotte de Werther for the cover in Paris in 1893.
The largely autobiographical novel by Daudet, Sapho, (written in 1884 the year of Manons creation ), first brought to the stage, will be adapted from a libretto by H. Cain for the Opéra-Comique and premiered in 1897, a “naturalist” work unfairly absent from our lyrical scenes.
Let us also remember many poets, who will inspire his melodies… dramatic authors: Jean Richepin, Victorien Sardou… his librettists: Henri Meilhac, Louis Gallet, Henri Cain…
Hugo
Victor Hugo
Garnier
Charles Garnier
Daudet
Alphonse Daudet
Chaplain
Jules Chaplain
dash 1
Jules Massenet
J. Massenet (14 years old)
Jules Massenet
J. Massenet (39 years old)
Jules Massenet
J. Massenet (70 years)
Massenet is anxious, quick to discouragement, nostalgic, we would say today: "depressed".
The light, even humorous spirit of certain booklets sometimes comes to inspire him but they are few in number: at the beginning of his career, La Grand-Tante (1867); The Portrait of Manon (1894); Cinderella (1899); Grisélidis (1901) includes puff roles (The Devil and his wife Fiamina); Chérubin (created in Monte-Carlo in 1905) and, at the end of his life, the posthumous work freely inspired by Rabelais, Panurge .
For the rest, it is the omnipresence of a dramatic theme (the rupture in Sapho , the madness in La Navarraise) or tragic with a fatal outcome (from Herodias to Cleopatra ). Only Esclarmonde escapes the rule.
He does little about his works in his family correspondence - the one he maintains with his publishers or his librettists tells us more - but it marks out dates and trips.
For example, his trip to Holland "in the footsteps of Abbé Prévost" while he was composing Manon ; the rehearsals of Werther in Vienna; the weather is also often worn in the margins of his manuscripts as well as his mood: "Alone ... sad ...".
Impulsive, angry at times, he hardly fights a duel with the famous baritone Lassalle who had been imprudent (during rehearsals) to criticize the female interpreter of the Mage .
He is credited with an eventful love life ... but it must be said that in this regard, the evidence is lacking. And then, over the years, his attachment to his wife is often manifested: barely a year before his death, on October 3, 1911, he wrote to her: “Did you know that on October 8, it will be 45 years since we are united and… 46 that I love you? ”
The music composed by Massenet is one of those that we listen to without restraint - which means that this hard worker has put all his energy into making us believe in an ease, all in appearance.
It is precisely this sensitivity, so present in his music, that made him famous.
And he will forever be remembered by one of the most eclectic of our composers, a great teacher and a great lover of Art.
Jules Massenet (1842-1912)
Notice biographique et chronologique
1842
- 12 mai: Naissance à Montaud, faubourg de Saint-Etienne, de Jules Massenet, fils d'Alexis
Massenet (1788-1863), maître de forges, et d'Adélaïde Royer de Marancour (1809-1875), sa
seconde épouse.
1847
- Alexis Massenet, cède ses parts des fabriques de Pont-Salomon (en Haute-Loire) et de
Montaud, près de Saint-Etienne.
Arrivée à Paris d'Adélaïde Massenet et de ses enfants (Alexis rejoindra sa famille en 1851).
1848
- 24 février: le petit Jules commence, avec sa mère, excellente pianiste, à étudier le piano.
Adélaïde Massenet assurera l'éducation musicale de son fils jusqu'à ce qu'il entre au
Conservatoire de Paris.
1851
- 9 octobre: examen d'admission au Conservatoire, sans succès.
1853
- 10 janvier: Massenet entre à 11 ans dans la classe de piano d'Adolphe Laurent.
1854
- Les Massenet quittent Paris pour Chambéry.
- Octobre : Massenet tente une fugue vers Paris mais reconnu à Lyon par un ami de son
père, est reconduit à Chambéry.
1855
- Octobre: accueilli à Paris par sa sœur Julie (mariée au peintre Paul Cavaillé), Massenet
réintègre le Conservatoire.
1859
- Premier Prix de piano.
- 19 mars: Massenet participe comme timbalier à la création de Faust.
- Octobre: inscrit dans la classe de composition de Bazin qui le renvoie. Massenet reprend
bientôt des cours particuliers avec son ancien professeur de solfège, Savard.
1860
- Admis dans la classe d'harmonie de Reber, Premier Accessit en juillet.
1861
- Première publication chez Brandus et Dufour: une paraphrase pour piano, Grande
Fantaisie de concert sur Le Pardon de Ploërmel de G. Meyerbeer.
- Novembre: entrée dans la classe de composition d'Ambroise Thomas.
1862
- Mai: concourt pour le Prix de Rome avec la cantate Louise de Mézières: mention
honorable. 2
nd Prix de contrepoint et fugue.
1863
- A nouveau, concours de Rome, avec la cantate David Rizzio. 1
er Grand Prix.
- Novembre: Première oeuvre symphonique: l'Ouverture en sol.
- Fin décembre : départ pour l'Italie.
1864-65
- Pensionnaire de l'Académie de France à Rome, à la Villa Médicis. Rencontre Liszt, près
d'entrer dans les ordres qui le recommande (fin 1864) à une jeune française désireuse de
prendre des leçons de piano, Louise-Constance de Gressy (qu'on appelle Ninon). Coup de
foudre.
- Octobre 1865: voyage à Venise.
- 17 décembre 1865, quitte la Villa Médicis, rentre à Paris.
• 1866
2
- 24 février: première audition de la suite symphonique, Pompéia, écrite en Italie.
- Printemps. Composition de la Grand-tante ; fasciné par Schumann, Massenet écrit son
premier cycle de mélodies, le Poème d'Avril, op. 14, sur des poésies d'Armand Silvestre.
- juillet: première audition de deux poèmes symphoniques écrits à Paris au printemps, le
Retour d'une Caravane et Une Noce Flamande.
- 8 octobre: épouse Ninon à Avon, près de Fontainebleau. Le jeune couple habite à Paris, 51
rue Laffitte et dispose pour l'été d'une maison à Avon chez Mme de Sainte-Marie, mère de
Ninon.
1867
- 24 mars: première audition de la Première Suite d'Orchestre.
- 3 avril : création de la Grand-tante à l'Opéra-Comique.
- En août: lancement du concours officiel de composition: la Coupe du Roi de Thulé.
Massenet classé 2
nd
.
- 15 août : Première audition à l'Opéra-Comique d'une cantate de Massenet, Paix et Liberté.
1868
- 31 mars, naissance de Juliette, fille unique du compositeur.
- Fondation des éditions Hartmann qui obtiennent rapidement l'exclusivité des oeuvres de
Massenet. Premières publications : deux cycles de mélodies, Poème d'Avril et Poème du
Souvenir .
- En juillet, Massenet termine le Florentin, opéra-comique destiné au concours lancé l'année
précédente: classé 3è.
1869
- Plusieurs projets d'opéras. Leçons de piano, principal moyen de subsistance de Massenet
jusqu'à sa nomination comme Professeur de Composition au Conservatoire.
- Déménagement des Massenet au 38 rue Malesherbes (devenue depuis 46, rue du général
Foy).
1870
- Mai à juillet: séjour à Avon. Achèvement de Méduse 1
, opéra en trois actes.
- De septembre 1870 à janvier 1871 : dans Paris assiégé par les Prussiens, Massenet est
incorporé dans la Garde Nationale. Ecrit une Symphonie et une Deuxième Suite
d'Orchestre.
1871
- 24 janvier : Massenet retrouve sa famille dont il était sans nouvelles depuis le 10
septembre.
- Juin: de retour à Avon, compose les Scènes Pittoresques. Aux côtés de Saint-Saëns,
participe à la fondation de la Société Nationale de Musique.
- à partir de novembre: composition de Marie-Magdeleine.
- 26 novembre: première audition de sa Deuxième Suite, Scènes Hongroises, aux Concerts
Populaires.
1872
- Janvier: Fin de la composition de Marie-Magdeleine. Refus de Pasdeloup après audition.
- 30 novembre: Don César de Bazan retiré de l'affiche de l'Opéra-Comique après 13
représentations.
- Décembre : composition d'une musique de scène pour Les Erinnyes de Leconte de Lisle.
- Début de la composition d'un grand opéra, Le Roi de Lahore.
1873
- 6 janvier: création des Erinnyes à l'Odéon. Grand succès de la musique de Massenet.
- Création du Concert National à l'Odéon par Hartmann sous la direction d'Edouard
Colonne.
- 11 avril: première audition, triomphale, de Marie-Magdeleine avec Pauline Viardot dans le
rôle-titre.
- Composition de l'Ouverture de Phèdre.
1874
- Composition de l'oratorio Eve.
- 22 février: première audition de l'Ouverture de Phèdre.
- 22 mars: première audition des Scènes Pittoresques.
1 Considéré comme perdu, peut-être réutilisé dans d'autres ouvrages.
3
- Juillet et août: composition des Scènes Dramatiques.
1875
- 10 janvier: première audition des Scènes Dramatiques.
- 18 avril: première audition d'Eve .
- 3 juin: mort de Bizet, ami de Massenet.
1876
- 15 mai: reprise des Erinnyes, réorchestrées.
- 26 juillet: Massenet est élevé au grade de chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur.
- Octobre: orchestration du Roi de Lahore, mis en répétition à l'Opéra de Paris.
1877
- 27 avril: Le Roi de Lahore à l'Opéra de Paris.
- Eté: composition de La Vierge, remaniement du Roi de Lahore.
- L'éditeur milanais, Ricordi, envisage de monter Le Roi de Lahore en Italien. Il propose à
Massenet le livret d'Hérodiade.
1878
- Première audition des Scènes Napolitaines.
- Il Re di Lahore au Teatro Regio de Turin avec un tableau supplémentaire.
- 22 août: l'oratorio la Vierge est terminé à Fontainebleau et immédiatement gravé.
- 1er octobre: Massenet est nommé Professeur de Composition au Conservatoire de Paris.
- 30 novembre: élection de Massenet à l'Institut, à l'Académie des Beaux-Arts.
- Composition d'Hérodiade sur un livret traduit de l'italien.
1879
- 25 janvier: 1er voyage en Hongrie à l'occasion de la création du Roi de Lahore à Budapest.
L'œuvre poursuit une carrière internationale : de Milan à Prague jusqu'à Rio de Janeiro.
1880
- Janvier à septembre, orchestration d'Hérodiade.
- Le Roi de Lahore quitte définitivement le répertoire de l'Opéra de Paris.
- 22 mai: 1
ère audition de la Vierge aux Concerts Historiques de l'Opéra de Paris sous la
direction de Massenet.
- Naissance du projet d'écrire Werther.
1881
- Mars: première audition des Scènes de Féerie à Londres.
- Avril: Le Roi de Lahore à Barcelone. Premier voyage de Massenet en Espagne.
- Eté: composition des Scènes Alsaciennes.
- 19 décembre: création d'Hérodiade à Bruxelles.
1882
- Remaniement d'Hérodiade.
- Février à octobre : composition de Manon .
- Fin février : voyage de Massenet à Milan. Hérodiade à La Scala.
- 19 mars : 1ère audition des Scènes Alsaciennes.
- Gabriel Pierné et Georges Marty, deux élèves de Massenet, Prix de Rome. ex-æquo.
- Août: voyage en Hollande, sur les pas de l'abbé Prévost.
- 19 octobre. Fin de la composition de Manon.
1883
- 20 janvier: Massenet dirige les représentations d'Hérodiade à Hambourg.
- De février à fin août, orchestration de Manon.
- 20 mars : création française d'Hérodiade à Nantes, en présence du compositeur.
- Prix de Rome : Paul Vidal, élève de Massenet.
1884
- 19 janvier: création de Manon à l'Opéra-Comique.
- 1er février: création parisienne d'Hérodiade au Théâtre Italien.
- août: Composition du Cid. Remaniements de Manon2
.
2 Massenet ajoute la Gavotte au IIIème Acte ; il compose une ligne de chant pour les mélodrames (texte parlé) transformant ainsi
l'ouvrage en œuvre musicale en continu.
4
Composition d'une cantate pour Londres, Apollo.
COMPOSITEUR FRANÇAIS MASSENET LETTRE économies AUTOGRAPHE 1909 VINTAGE ORIGINALE 1842-1912
